航海英语（二/三副）考证考点与词汇~模块 2：掌握英语航海气象资料的阅读能力

     原创 CHEN Jiale 国际海事英语学习平台 2026年4月23日  00:01 广东

模块2：掌握英语航海气象资料的阅读能力

【通关密码】：重点掌握潮汐计算术语、高低压系统的天气特征、冷暖锋过境时的现象，以及气象警报（Gale Warning）的识读。

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2.1 海洋、气象要素

2.1.1    气温与湿度

2.1.2    气压

2.1.3    风与大气环流

2.1.4    云与降水

2.1.5    雾与能见度

2.1.6    海流

2.1.7    海浪、涌、海啸

2.1.8    潮汐与潮流

气压、温度与风(Pressure, Temp & Wind)：

Atmospheric pressure - 大气压

Millibar (mb) / Hectopascal (hPa) - 毫巴 / 百帕

Barometric tendency - 气压倾向 (Falling/Rising/Steady - 下降/上升/稳定)

Air temperature / Sea surface temperature (SST) - 气温 / 海面水温

Dew point - 露点

Relative humidity - 相对湿度

Wind direction / Wind force - 风向 / 风力

Beaufort scale - 蒲福风级 (e.g., Gale force 8 - 8级大风)

Gust / Squall - 阵风 / 飑

Veering / Backing - 风向顺时针转 / 风向逆时针转 (考点！)

云与降水(Clouds & Precipitation)：

Cloud cover (Oktas) - 云量 (以八分量计)

Overcast / Cloudy / Clear - 阴天 / 多云 / 晴天

Cumulus (Cu) - 积云

Cumulonimbus (Cb) - 积雨云 (伴随雷暴/强对流)

Stratus (St) - 层云

Drizzle / Rain / Shower / Snow - 毛毛雨 / 雨 / 阵雨 / 雪

Thunderstorm - 雷暴

能见度与雾(Visibility & Fog)：

Fog / Mist / Haze - 雾 / 轻雾 / 霾

Advection fog - 平流雾 (暖湿空气经过冷水面，海上最常见)

Radiation fog - 辐射雾 (夜间地表降温，多见于沿岸)

Restricted / Poor / Good visibility - 受到限制的 / 差的 / 好的能见度

海浪、海流与潮汐(Waves, Currents & Tides - 必考大户)：

Sea state / State of sea - 海况

Sea / Swell - 风浪 / 涌浪 (Swell is caused by distant storms)

Significant wave height - 有效波高

Ocean current / Tidal stream - 洋流 / 潮流

Set and Drift - 流向和流速 (Set: direction towards which current flows; Drift: speed)

High Water (HW) / Low Water (LW) - 高潮 / 低潮

Range of tide - 潮差 (Difference between HW and LW)

Spring tide - 大潮 (Full/New moon, max range)

Neap tide - 小潮 (Quarter moon, min range)

Flood tide / Ebb tide - 涨潮 / 落潮

Slack water - 停潮 (平潮，无潮流)

Storm surge - 风暴潮

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2.1.1 气温与湿度

核心考点

1.气温

◦定义与单位：空气的冷热程度，常用摄氏度（°C）或华氏度（°F）。

▪Definition and Unit: The degree of hotness or coldness of the air, commonly measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F).

◦海陆热力差异：海洋热容量大，升温降温慢。因此，海洋上气温的日较差（Daily Range）和年较差（Annual Range）均小于陆地。

▪Land-Sea Thermal Difference: The ocean has a large heat capacity and heats up/cools down slowly. Therefore, the daily range and annual range of air temperature over the ocean are smaller than those over land.

◦日变化规律：一天中，最低气温通常出现在日出前后，最高气温出现在午后（约14:00-15:00）。

▪Daily Variation Pattern: In a day, the minimum temperature usually occurs around sunrise, and the maximum temperature occurs in the early afternoon (around 14:00-15:00).

2.湿度

◦相对湿度：空气中实际水汽含量与同温度下饱和水汽含量的百分比。相对湿度随温度升高而降低（在水汽含量不变的情况下）。

▪Relative Humidity (RH): The percentage of actual water vapor content in the air compared to the saturated water vapor content at the same temperature. Relative humidity decreases as temperature increases (assuming constant water vapor content).

◦露点温度：空气在气压和水汽含量不变的情况下，冷却至饱和时的温度。

▪Dew Point Temperature: The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated, assuming constant pressure and water vapor content.

◦饱和与凝结：当气温等于露点温度时，空气达到饱和，易发生凝结现象（如形成雾、露、霜）。

▪Saturation and Condensation: When air temperature equals the dew point temperature, the air becomes saturated, and condensation is likely to occur (e.g., formation of fog, dew, frost).

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专业术语

•Air Temperature：气温

•Daily/Annual Range of Temperature：气温日较差/年较差

•Humidity：湿度

•Relative Humidity (RH)：相对湿度

•Dew Point：露点

•Saturation：饱和

•Condensation：凝结

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2.1.2 气压

核心考点

1.定义与单位

◦大气对单位面积的压力。常用单位：百帕（hPa）或毫巴（mb），1 hPa = 1 mb。

▪Definition and Unit: The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on a unit area. Common units are hectopascals (hPa) or millibars (mb), where 1 hPa = 1 mb.

2.气压变化

◦垂直变化：气压随高度增加而降低。

▪Vertical Variation: Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude.

◦日变化：在热带海域，气压日变化明显，表现为“两高两低”（约10:00和22:00为高峰，04:00和16:00为低谷）。若此规律被打破（如气压持续下降），往往是热带气旋逼近的征兆。

▪Daily Variation: In tropical oceans, the daily variation of pressure is distinct, showing "two highs and two lows" (peaks around 10:00 and 22:00, troughs around 04:00 and 16:00). If this pattern is broken (e.g., continuous pressure drop), it is often a sign of an approaching tropical cyclone.

◦气压梯度：单位距离内的气压差。等压线越密集，气压梯度越大，风力越强。

▪Pressure Gradient: The difference in atmospheric pressure over a unit distance. The closer the isobars, the greater the pressure gradient and the stronger the wind.

3.气压系统

◦低压（气旋）：中心气压低，气流上升，多阴雨天气。

▪Low Pressure (Cyclone): Low pressure at the center, rising airflow, often associated with cloudy and rainy weather.

◦高压（反气旋）：中心气压高，气流下沉，多晴朗天气。

▪High Pressure (Anticyclone): High pressure at the center, sinking airflow, often associated with fair weather.

专业术语

•Atmospheric Pressure：大气压

•Hectopascal (hPa)：百帕

•Isobar：等压线

•Pressure Gradient：气压梯度

•Barometric Tendency：气压倾向

•Cyclone / Anticyclone：气旋 / 反气旋

•Low / High：低压 / 高压

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2.1.3 风与大气环流

核心考点

1.风的定义

◦空气的水平运动。风向指风的来向（如北风指从北方吹来的风），单位为度（°）或方位。

▪Definition of Wind: The horizontal movement of air. Wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows (e.g., a north wind blows from the north), measured in degrees (°) or cardinal points.

◦风速指单位时间内空气移动的距离，常用单位：节（knots）、米/秒（m/s）。

▪Wind Speed: The distance air moves per unit of time, commonly measured in knots or meters per second (m/s).

◦风力指风对物体的作用力，与风速的平方成正比。

▪Wind Force: The force exerted by wind on an object, proportional to the square of the wind speed.

2.大气环流（三圈环流）

◦信风带：低纬度地区，北半球为东北信风，南半球为东南信风。

▪Trade Winds Belt: Low latitude regions; Northeast Trade Winds in the Northern Hemisphere, Southeast Trade Winds in the Southern Hemisphere.

◦西风带：中纬度地区（30°-60°），北半球盛行西南风，南半球盛行西北风。

▪Westerlies Belt: Mid-latitude regions (30°-60°); prevailing Southwesterlies in the Northern Hemisphere, prevailing Northwesterlies in the Southern Hemisphere.

◦极地东风带：高纬度地区，北半球为东北风，南半球为东南风。

▪Polar Easterlies Belt: High latitude regions; Northeast winds in the Northern Hemisphere, Southeast winds in the Southern Hemisphere.

◦赤道无风带：赤道附近，风力微弱，多雷雨。

▪Doldrums: Near the equator; weak winds, frequent thunderstorms.

◦副热带高压带：约30°纬度附近，气流下沉，风力微弱，天气晴朗。

▪Subtropical High Pressure Belt: Around 30° latitude; sinking airflow, weak winds, fair weather.

专业术语

•Wind Direction / Speed：风向 / 风速

•Prevailing Wind：盛行风

•General Circulation：大气环流

•Trade Winds：信风

•Westerlies：西风

•Polar Easterlies：极地东风

•Doldrums：赤道无风带

•Horse Latitudes：副热带无风带

•Beaufort Scale：蒲福风级

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2.1.4 云与降水

核心考点

1.云的分类

◦卷云：高空，薄而纤细，由冰晶组成，常预示天气变化。

▪Cirrus: High altitude, thin and wispy, composed of ice crystals, often indicates a change in weather.

◦积云：低空，蓬松如棉絮，晴天常见。若发展成积雨云，则预示雷暴。

▪Cumulus: Low altitude, fluffy like cotton, common in fair weather. If developing into Cumulonimbus, it indicates thunderstorms.

◦层云：低空，呈层状，像毯子一样覆盖天空，常带来连续性降水或雾。

▪Stratus: Low altitude, layered, covers the sky like a blanket, often brings continuous precipitation or fog.

•降水类型

◦对流雨：因空气受热上升形成，雨势大、持续时间短，常见于热带午后。

▪Convective Rain: Formed by heated air rising; heavy rain, short duration, common in tropical afternoons.

◦锋面雨：冷暖气团相遇，暖空气被抬升形成，雨区广、持续时间长。

▪Frontal Rain: Formed when cold and warm air masses meet and warm air is lifted; wide rain area, long duration.

◦地形雨：湿润气流遇山脉阻挡被迫抬升形成。

▪Orographic Rain: Formed when moist airflow is forced to rise by mountain barriers.

专业术语

•Cloud：云

•Cirrus：卷云

•Cumulus：积云

•Stratus：层云

•Cumulonimbus：积雨云

•Precipitation：降水

•Rain / Snow / Hail：雨 / 雪 / 冰雹

•Convective Rain：对流雨

•Frontal Rain：锋面雨

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2.1.5 雾与能见度

核心考点

1.雾的形成

◦当空气冷却至露点以下，水汽凝结成微小水滴悬浮于空中。

▪Formation of Fog: When air cools below its dew point, water vapor condenses into tiny water droplets suspended in the air.

2.海雾类型

◦平流雾：暖湿空气流经冷海面，底层空气冷却形成。范围广、厚度大、持续时间长，是海上最常见的雾。

▪Advection Fog: Formed when warm, moist air flows over a cold sea surface, cooling the lower layer of air. Wide range, thick, long duration; the most common fog at sea.

◦蒸汽雾：冷空气流经暖海面，海面蒸发的水汽使冷空气饱和形成。常见于高纬度冬季。

▪Steam Fog / Arctic Sea Smoke: Formed when cold air flows over a warm sea surface, and evaporating water vapor saturates the cold air. Common in high latitudes during winter.

3.能见度

◦正常人视力能将目标物从背景中分辨出来的最大距离。能见度小于2海里即为能见度不良。

▪Visibility: The maximum distance at which a person with normal vision can distinguish a target object from the background. Visibility less than 2 nautical miles is considered restricted visibility.

专业术语

•Fog：雾

•Advection Fog：平流雾

•Steam Fog / Arctic Sea Smoke：蒸汽雾 / 北极海烟

•Visibility：能见度

•Restricted Visibility：能见度不良

•Mist：轻雾

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2.1.6 海流

核心考点

1.成因分类

◦风海流：由盛行风长期吹拂形成，如西风漂流。

▪Drift Current: Formed by the long-term blowing of prevailing winds, e.g., West Wind Drift.

◦密度流：由海水温度、盐度差异导致密度不同而形成。

▪Density Current: Formed by differences in seawater density caused by temperature and salinity variations.

◦补偿流：因某处海水流失，相邻海域海水流来补充。

▪Compensation Current: Formed when seawater from adjacent areas flows in to compensate for water loss in a specific area.

2.性质分类

◦暖流：从低纬流向高纬，增温增湿。

▪Warm Current: Flows from low to high latitudes, warming and humidifying.

◦寒流：从高纬流向低纬，降温减湿。

▪Cold Current: Flows from high to low latitudes, cooling and drying.

•对航行的影响

◦航速：顺流加速，逆流减速。

▪Speed: Accelerates with the current, decelerates against the current.

◦海雾：寒暖流交汇处（如纽芬兰渔场）易形成浓雾。

▪Sea Fog: Dense fog is likely to form at the convergence of cold and warm currents (e.g., Newfoundland fishing grounds).

◦冰山：寒流（如拉布拉多寒流）可能携带冰山南下，威胁航行安全。

▪Icebergs: Cold currents (e.g., Labrador Current) may carry icebergs southward, threatening navigation safety.

专业术语

•Ocean Current：海流

•Drift Current：风海流

•Density Current：密度流

•Warm Current / Cold Current：暖流 / 寒流

•Gulf Stream：墨西哥湾暖流

•Labrador Current：拉布拉多寒流

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2.1.7 海浪、涌、海啸

核心考点

1.海浪

◦由风直接作用于海面形成。波形包括波峰、波谷、波长、波高。

▪Wind Wave: Formed by the direct action of wind on the sea surface. Wave forms include crest, trough, wavelength, and wave height.

2.涌

◦风停后或风浪传出风区后，继续传播的波浪。波形较规则，周期长，传播远。

▪Swell: Waves that continue to propagate after the wind stops or after wind waves move out of the wind zone. Regular wave form, long period, travels far.

3.海啸

◦由海底地震、火山爆发或滑坡引起的长周期波浪。在深海波高小、速度快，近岸时波高剧增，破坏力极大。

▪Tsunami: Long-period waves caused by submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. Low wave height and high speed in deep ocean; wave height increases dramatically near shore, causing immense destruction.

专业术语

•Wind Wave：风浪

•Swell：涌

•Tsunami：海啸

•Wave Height：波高

•Wave Period：周期

•Significant Wave Height：有效波高

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2.1.8 潮汐与潮流

核心考点

1.潮汐

◦海水在天体（主要是月球和太阳）引潮力作用下产生的周期性垂直升降运动。

▪Tide: The periodic vertical rise and fall of seawater under the gravitational pull of celestial bodies (mainly the Moon and the Sun).

◦高潮：海面升至最高点。

▪High Water (HW): The highest level reached by the sea surface.

◦低潮：海面降至最低点。

▪Low Water (LW): The lowest level reached by the sea surface.

•潮流

◦伴随潮汐涨落产生的海水水平流动。

▪Tidal Stream / Current: The horizontal flow of seawater accompanying the rise and fall of the tide.

◦涨潮流：潮位上升时的流向。

▪Flood Current: The direction of flow when the tide is rising.

◦落潮流：潮位下降时的流向。

▪Ebb Current: The direction of flow when the tide is falling.

•大潮与小潮

◦大潮：朔（新月）和望（满月）时，日、月引潮力叠加，潮差最大。

▪Spring Tide: Occurs during New Moon and Full Moon when the gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon combine, resulting in the greatest tidal range.

◦小潮：上弦和下弦时，日、月引潮力相互抵消，潮差最小。

▪Neap Tide: Occurs during the First and Last Quarter Moons when the gravitational pulls of the Sun and Moon counteract each other, resulting in the smallest tidal range.

专业术语

•Tide：潮汐

•Tidal Stream / Current：潮流

•High Water (HW)：高潮

•Low Water (LW)：低潮

•Spring Tide：大潮

•Neap Tide：小潮

•Tidal Range：潮差

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2.2 天气系统术语

2.2.1    气团、锋和锋面气旋

2.2.2    冷高压和副热带高压

2.2.3    热带气旋、强对流天气系统

气团与锋面(Air Mass & Fronts)：

Air mass (Cold/Warm) - 气团 (冷/暖)

Front / Frontal system - 锋 / 锋面系统

Cold front - 冷锋 (Passage brings sudden wind shift, heavy showers, temp drop - 过境时风向突变，阵雨，降温)

Warm front - 暖锋 (Passage brings steady rain, rising temp - 过境时连续降雨，升温)

Occluded front - 锢囚锋

气旋与高压(Cyclones & Highs)：

Depression / Low / Cyclone - 低压 / 气旋 (北半球逆时针旋转，常伴恶劣天气)

Anticyclone / High - 高压 / 反气旋 (北半球顺时针旋转，常伴晴好天气)

Trough / Ridge - 低压槽 / 高压脊

Subtropical High - 副热带高压

热带气旋(Tropical Cyclones - 必考！)：

Tropical depression / Tropical storm / Typhoon / Hurricane - 热带低压 / 热带风暴 / 台风 / 飓风

Eye of the storm - 台风眼 (Calm, low pressure)

Navigable semicircle - 可航半球 (北半球台风左侧)

Dangerous semicircle - 危险半球 (北半球台风右侧)

Track / Path - 路径

2.2.1 气团、锋和锋面气旋

核心考点

1.气团(Air mass)

定义：在水平方向上温度、湿度等物理性质比较均匀的大范围空气团。

Definition: A large body of air with relatively uniform physical properties (temperature, humidity) in the horizontal direction.

分类：根据源地的纬度（温度）和地表性质（干湿）分类。常见的有：

Classification: Classified by source region latitude (temperature) and surface nature (moisture). Common types include:

大陆极地气团：寒冷、干燥。

Continental Polar (cP): Cold and dry.

海洋极地气团：凉爽、湿润。

Maritime Polar (mP): Cool and moist.

大陆热带气团：炎热、干燥。

Continental Tropical (cT): Hot and dry.

海洋热带气团：温暖、湿润。

Maritime Tropical (mT): Warm and moist.

2.锋 (front)

定义：冷、暖气团之间的交界面。锋面附近常伴有云、雨、大风等天气。

Definition: The boundary or interface between cold and warm air masses. Weather phenomena such as clouds, rain, and strong winds often occur near fronts.

冷锋：冷气团主动向暖气团移动。过境时风力增大，出现降水；过境后气温下降，气压升高。

Cold Front: A cold air mass actively moves towards a warm air mass. During passage, wind increases and precipitation occurs; after passage, temperature drops and pressure rises.

 暖锋：暖气团主动向冷气团移动。过境时常出现连续性降水；过境后气温升高，气压下降。

Warm Front: A warm air mass actively moves towards a cold air mass. Continuous precipitation often occurs during passage; after passage, temperature rises and pressure drops.

准静止锋：冷暖气团势力相当，锋面移动缓慢或停滞。常造成阴雨连绵的天气。

Quasi-stationary Front: Cold and warm air masses have equal strength, causing the front to move slowly or stall. Often results in prolonged cloudy and rainy weather.

3.锋面气旋(frontal cyclone)

定义：与锋面联系在一起的低压系统（气旋）。常出现在中纬度地区。

Definition: A low-pressure system (cyclone) associated with fronts. Commonly found in mid-latitude regions.

结构：北半球气流呈逆时针旋转。通常前方是暖锋，后方是冷锋。

Structure: Airflow rotates counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Typically, a warm front is at the leading edge and a cold front is at the trailing edge.

专业术语

Air Mass：气团

Front：锋

Cold Front：冷锋

Warm Front：暖锋

Stationary Front：准静止锋

Frontal Cyclone：锋面气旋

Continental Polar (cP)：大陆极地气团

Maritime Tropical (mT)：海洋热带气团

2.2.2 冷高压和副热带高压

核心考点

1.冷高压(Cold High)

定义与性质：形成于中高纬度大陆上的反气旋（高压），属于浅薄系统。其核心是冷空气。

Definition and Nature: An anticyclone (high pressure) forming over mid-to-high latitude continents; a shallow system. Its core consists of cold air.

天气特征：中心附近盛行下沉气流，天气晴朗、干燥、寒冷。冬季常带来寒潮和大风。

Weather Characteristics: Prevailing sinking air near the center results in fair, dry, and cold weather. Often brings cold waves and strong winds in winter.

移动规律：通常自西向东移动，南下时可影响低纬度海域。

Movement Pattern: Generally moves from west to east; can affect low-latitude seas when moving south.

2.副热带高压(Subtropical High)

定义与性质：位于副热带地区的暖性高压，属于深厚系统。

Definition and Nature: A warm high-pressure system located in subtropical regions; a deep system.

天气特征：内部盛行下沉气流，天气晴朗、炎热、干燥。夏季控制区域易出现伏旱。

Weather Characteristics: Prevailing sinking air inside results in fair, hot, and dry weather. Areas controlled by it in summer are prone to droughts.

季节性移动：随太阳直射点移动，夏季北移，冬季南退。

Seasonal Movement: Moves with the direct point of the sun; shifts north in summer and retreats south in winter.

专业术语

Cold High：冷高压

Subtropical High：副热带高压

Anticyclone：反气旋

Sinking Air：下沉气流

Cold Wave：寒潮

Drought：干旱

2.2.3 热带气旋、强对流天气系统

核心考点

1.热带气旋Tropical Cyclone

定义：生成于热带或副热带洋面上的暖心低压系统。

Definition: A warm-core low-pressure system forming over tropical or subtropical oceans.

分级：根据中心附近最大风力分为：

Classification: Classified by maximum wind speed near the center:

热带低压：风力< 8级。

Tropical Depression: Wind force < 8.

热带风暴：风力8-9级。

Tropical Storm: Wind force 8-9.

强热带风暴：风力10-11级。

Severe Tropical Storm: Wind force 10-11.

台风/飓风：风力 ≥ 12级。

Typhoon / Hurricane: Wind force ≥ 12.

结构：由外向内分为大风区、涡旋区（风雨最强烈）和台风眼（风平浪静）。

Structure: From outside to inside: gale area, vortex area (most intense wind and rain), and eye (calm weather).

强对流天气

雷暴：由积雨云引起的局地性强对流天气，伴有雷电、大风、强降水。

Thunderstorm: A local severe convective weather caused by cumulonimbus clouds, accompanied by lightning, strong winds, and heavy precipitation.

飑线：排列成带状的雷暴群，是一种范围较大、破坏力强的强对流天气。过境时风向突变，风速剧增。

Squall Line: A band of thunderstorms; a large-scale, destructive severe convective weather system. Passage brings sudden wind shift and drastic increase in wind speed.

龙卷风：一种强烈的、小范围的空气涡旋，从积雨云底部延伸至地面，破坏力极强。

Tornado: A violent, small-scale air vortex extending from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud to the ground, with extreme destructive power.

专业术语

Tropical Cyclone：热带气旋

Tropical Depression：热带低压

Tropical Storm：热带风暴

Typhoon / Hurricane：台风 / 飓风

Eye of Storm：台风眼

Thunderstorm：雷暴

Squall Line：飑线

Tornado：龙卷风

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2.3 航海气象资料

2.3.1    航路指南

2.3.2    大洋航路

2.3.3    航海员手册

2.3.4    航路设计图

2.3.1 航路指南

核心考点

1.气象章节的查阅

位置：通常在每卷《航路指南》的第一章“总论”（General Remarks）或专门的“自然条件”（Natural Conditions）章节中。

内容：包含该水域的气候特征、盛行风（Prevailing Winds）、季风规律、热带气旋路径、雾的分布、海流与涌浪（Swell）资料。

应用：用于了解沿岸及港口的气象规律，补充海图上无法标注的详细气象信息。

2.资料的现势性

必须结合最新的《航海通告》（Notices to Mariners）进行查阅，因为气象资料（如气候表）可能会随长期气候变化而更新。

专业术语

Climate and Weather：气候与天气

Natural Conditions：自然条件

General Remarks：总论

Wind Rose：风玫瑰图（常用于描述盛行风）

2.3.2 大洋航路

核心考点

1.出版物识别

指英版《世界大洋航路》（Ocean Passages for the World, NP136）。它是设计跨洋航线（Deep-sea voyages）的首要参考资料。

2.气象信息的应用

推荐航线：书中根据气象条件（风、流、冰）为不同航速的船舶推荐最佳航线。

气象图表：包含全球风带、洋流图、冰区界限（Ice Limits）和载重线区域（Load Line Zones）。

季节性变化：重点考察如何根据月份选择航线。例如，北大西洋冬季航线需避开高纬度以躲避大风浪和冰山。

专业术语

Ocean Passages for the World (NP136)：世界大洋航路

Deep-sea Voyage：远洋航行

Seasonal Variation：季节性变化

Ice Limits：冰区界限

2.3.3 航海员手册

核心考点

1.气象学基础知识

内容：《航海员手册》（NP100）提供了气象学的基本理论，包括大气环流、锋面系统、热带气旋结构、云图识别等。

考点：考试中常涉及对特定气象现象（如厄尔尼诺、季风成因）的理论解释，或气象传真图的阅读指南。

2.气象数据的解读

指导驾驶员如何解读气象传真图、卫星云图以及数值天气预报产品。

专业术语

The Mariner's Handbook (NP100)：航海员手册

Meteorology：气象学

Atmospheric Circulation：大气环流

Weather Fax：气象传真

2.3.4 航路设计图

核心考点

1.图表识别

名称：Routeing Charts（航路设计图）。

系列：全球分为5大洋区，每月一张，共60张（如北大西洋1月图为No.5124(1)）。

2.核心气象要素

 Wind Rose风玫瑰图：显示某海域盛行风向和风力频率。

Ocean Current洋流：用箭头表示流向，线型表示流速的稳定性，数字表示平均流速。

其他要素：冰区界限、载重线区域、气压分布等。

用途

用于拟定大洋航线，概略量取航向和航程，并结合气象要素（风、流）选择最佳航路。

专业术语

Routeing Charts：航路设计图

Wind Rose：风玫瑰图

Ocean Current：洋流

Load Line Zone：载重线区域

Mercator Projection：墨卡托投影

2.4 海上气象报告(Weather Reports )

2.4.1 海上气象报告

核心考点

1.报告结构与内容Structure and Content

警告：通常位于报告开头，包括大风警告、风暴警告、台风/飓风警告等。

Warnings: Usually located at the beginning of the report, including Gale Warnings, Storm Warnings, Typhoon/Hurricane Warnings, etc.

预报：包括未来24小时或48小时的天气形势、风向风力、天气状况、能见度等。

Forecast: Includes weather situation, wind direction and force, weather conditions, and visibility for the next 24 or 48 hours.

大势报告：描述当前主要天气系统（如高压、低压、锋面）的位置和移动趋势。

Synopsis: Describes the location and movement trend of major weather systems (e.g., Highs, Lows, Fronts) at the current time.

常用缩写与术语解码

风况Wind Conditions:

VRB: Variable wind direction风向不定

CYC: Cyclonic气旋性

INCR / DECR: Increasing / Decreasing wind force风力增强 / 减弱

天气现象Weather Phenomena:

OCNL: Occasional偶尔

FREQ: Frequent频繁

SHWRS: Showers阵雨

T'SN: Thunderstorm雷暴

能见度：Visibility

MOD: Moderate中等

POOR: Poor不良

VSBY: Visibility能见度

播发方式Broadcasting Methods：

NAVTEX: Broadcast on 518 kHz frequency, covering coastal areas up to 400 nautical miles.

在518kHz频率上播发，覆盖沿岸400海里范围。

SafetyNET: Broadcast via Inmarsat, covering the globe (except polar regions).

通过国际海事卫星播发，覆盖全球（除两极外）。   

专业术语

Marine Weather Report：海上气象报告

Gale Warning：大风警告（风力8-9级）

Storm Warning：风暴警告（风力10-11级）

Hurricane/Typhoon Warning：飓风/台风警告（风力≥12级）

Visibility：能见度

Forecast：预报

Synopsis：形势摘要

2.4.2 气象传真图基础知识

核心考点

1.图名标题识别Chart Title Identification

ASAS: Surface Analysis Chart地面分析图

FSAS: Surface Forecast Chart地面预报图

AWPN: Wave Analysis Chart波浪分析图

FWPN: Wave Forecast Chart波浪预报图

2.时间标识Time Identification:

图上时间通常为UTC（世界协调时），需注意换算。

The time on the chart is usually UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), conversion is required.

3.图例与符号Legends and Symbols

等压线: 连接气压相等点的线，单位通常为hPa。

Isobars: Lines connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure, usually in hPa.

4.锋面符号Front Symbols:

 冷锋: 三角形齿状线。

Cold Front: Line with triangular barbs.

 暖锋: 半圆形齿状线。

Warm Front: Line with semicircular barbs.

锢囚锋: 三角形和半圆形交替线。

Occluded Front: Line with alternating triangular and semicircular barbs.

静止锋: 三角形和半圆形在相反侧。

Stationary Front: Triangles and semicircles on opposite sides.

专业术语

Weather Fax / Facsimile：气象传真

Isobar：等压线

Front：锋面

UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)：世界协调时

Analysis Chart：分析图（实况图）

Forecast Chart：预报图

2.4.3 地面分析图与预报图

核心考点

1.气压系统识别Identification of Pressure Systems

低压/气旋: 中心气压低，等压线闭合，气流逆时针旋转（北半球），多阴雨天气。

Low / Cyclone: Low pressure at the center, closed isobars, counter-clockwise airflow (Northern Hemisphere), often cloudy and rainy weather.

高压/反气旋: 中心气压高，等压线闭合，气流顺时针旋转（北半球），多晴朗天气。

High / Anticyclone: High pressure at the center, closed isobars, clockwise airflow (Northern Hemisphere), often fair weather.

鞍形场: 两个高压和两个低压之间的区域，天气多变且不稳定。

Col: The area between two highs and two lows, weather is variable and unstable.

2.风力判断Wind Force Judgment

原理: 等压线越密集，气压梯度力越大，风力越强；等压线越稀疏，风力越弱。

Principle: The denser the isobars, the greater the pressure gradient force and the stronger the wind; the sparser the isobars, the weaker the wind.

预报图应用

动态推演: 根据预报图（如FSAS）判断未来某时刻船舶所在位置受何种天气系统控制（如“本船将在24小时后进入冷锋后方”）。

Application of Forecast Charts

Dynamic Deduction: Use the forecast chart (e.g., FSAS) to determine which weather system will control the ship's location at a future time (e.g., "The ship will enter the rear of the cold front after 24 hours").

专业术语

Low / Cyclone：低压 / 气旋

High / Anticyclone：高压 / 反气旋

Pressure Gradient：气压梯度

Ridge：高压脊

Trough：低压槽

2.4.4 波浪分析图与预报图

核心考点

1.波浪符号Wave Symbols

箭头: 表示波浪的传播方向。

Arrows: Indicate the direction of wave propagation.

数字: 通常表示有效波高，单位为米。

Numbers: Usually indicate significant wave height, in meters.

符号: 区分风浪和涌浪。

Symbols: Distinguish between wind waves and swells.

2.等波高线Isowaves

连接波高相等点的线，用于判断大浪区的位置。

 Lines connecting points of equal wave height, used to determine the location of high wave areas.

专业术语

Wave Analysis Chart：波浪分析图

Significant Wave Height：有效波高

Swell：涌浪

Wind Wave：风浪

2.4.5 热带气旋警报图

核心考点

1.警报内容Warning Content

中心位置: 经纬度。

Center Position: Latitude and longitude.

移动方向与速度: 如“移动方向030°，速度10节”。

Movement Direction and Speed: e.g., "Moving direction 030°, speed 10 knots".

中心气压与最大风速: 判断气旋强度。

Central Pressure and Maximum Wind Speed: Determine cyclone intensity.

大风警戒区: 通常用圆圈表示，如7级风圈、10级风圈。

Gale Warning Area: Usually indicated by circles, e.g., 7-level wind circle, 10-level wind circle.

2.危险半圆与可航半圆Dangerous and Navigable Semicircles

北半球: 右半圆为危险半圆（风向与气旋移动方向一致，风力叠加），左半圆为可航半圆。

Northern Hemisphere: The right semicircle is the dangerous semicircle (wind direction is consistent with cyclone movement, wind force superimposes), the left semicircle is the navigable semicircle.

南半球: 左半圆为危险半圆，右半圆为可航半圆。

Southern Hemisphere: The left semicircle is the dangerous semicircle, the right semicircle is the navigable semicircle.

专业术语

Tropical Cyclone Warning：热带气旋警报

Dangerous Semicircle：危险半圆

Navigable Semicircle：可航半圆

Storm Surge：风暴潮

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2.5 气象传真图(Weather Facsimile)

考向：读懂NAVTEX气象警报的标准格式词汇。

Synoptic situation - 天气形势

Forecast for the next 24 hours - 未来24小时预报

Imminent - 极有可能发生的 (通常指6小时内)

Soon - 很快 (通常指6-12小时内)

Later - 稍后 (通常指12小时后)

Deepening / Filling - (低压) 加深 / 填塞(减弱)

Intensifying / Weakening - 增强 / 减弱

Stationary / Moving slowly - 停滞 / 缓慢移动

Isobar - 等压线

Frontogenesis / Frontolysis - 锋生 / 锋消

（Concluded and Edited by CHEN Jiale, University of Macau）

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